IT Share

Networking

Network

            tajccHtusqHk;tqifhrSm uGefysLwm(2)vHk;ESifhtxufyg0ifíwpfvkH; ESifh wpfvkH;tm;  qufoG,fxm;NyD; Data rsm; zvS,fjcif;ESifh tjcm;aom Resource rsm;tm; rQa0okH;pGJ (Share) Edkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/

Architecture

            uGef,ufwnfaqmuf&mwGiftoHk;jyKrnfhvkyfief;taetxm;tvdkuf atmufygtwdkif; trsKd;tpm; (2)rsKd;&Sdonf-

       (u) Peer – to – Peer Network      

      (c) Client/Server (Server – based) Network

Peer to peer network qdkonfrSm Node wdkif;onf Server /Client tjzpf wlnDpGmaqmif&Gufygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Windows \ Workgroup(SOHO)

Client/Server network qdkonfrSm Client rS Resources rsm;tm; awmif;cHí Server rS awmif;cHvmaom  Resources rsm;tm;jzefUa0ay;jcif; aqmif&Guf ygonf/ Network wpfckvkH;tm;xdef;csKyfEdkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Windows 2000 Server ESifh Windows 2000 Workstation

Topology

          uGef,ufcsdwfquf&mwGifawGUjrif&aom Physical Design rsm;tm; Topology [kac:onf/tajccHtm;jzifhenf; (4)enf;&Sdygonf/(Bus,Star,Ring,Mesh)

Types of Networks

            LAN - (Local Area Network) oufrSwfxm;aom ae&mwpfck? taqmuftOD pfcktwGif; uGef,ufcsdwfqufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

       MAN - (Metropolitan Area Network) LAN xufBuD;rm;NyD; WAN xuf ao;i,faom uGef,ufjzpfí Data ydkUvGwfEdkifrItuGmta0; 80 Km (50 Miles) ausmf uGef,ufjzpfygonf/

            WAN  - (Wide Area Network) NrdKU?a'o? EdkifiHrsm; jzwfausmfcsdwfquf xm;aomuGef,ufjzpfygonf/ Internet onf Specific WAN yifjzpfonf/

Network Devices

Cabling the Network

            uGef,ufcsdwfquf&mwGif ae&ma'o?&moDOwk?ydkYvGwf&rnfh Data trsKd;tpm;ay:rlwnfí Cable (3)rsKd;tokH;jyKygonf/

Coaxial(coax) - TV wGifwyfqifokH;pGJaom aub,fESifhtvm;o@mefwl ygonf/ Network csdwfquf&mwGif coaxial Cable trsKd;tpm; (2)rsKd;okH;pGJyg onf/ Thick Coaxial Cable(10Base5,ThickWire,ThickNet) ESifh Thin Coaxial Cable(10Base2,ThinWire,ThinNet) wdkYjzpfygonf/

Twisted Pair - ,if; aub,fwGif Shielded Twisted Pair(STP) ESifh Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP) ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/ UTP Cable onf Network csdwfquf&mü wGifus,fpGmokH;pGJNyD; w,fvDzkef;wGifcsdwfqufaom aub,fESifhtvm; o@mefwlygonf/uGef,ufwGiftrsm;qkH;tokH;rsm;aom UTP rSm 100BaseT (Cat 5) jzpfNyD; Connector acgif;udktpGJjyKNyD; RJ 45 aub,f[kvnf;ac: ygonf/

Fiber-Optic – zefom; odkYr[kwf ydkvDrmzdkifbmjzifhjyKvkyfxm;NyD; tvif; a&mifESifh Digital Data Signal rsm;udkydkYvGwf^zrf;,ljcif;jzpfygonf/ Fiber Optic Cable udk 10BaseF or 100BaseF [kac:ygonf/

Connector

Repeater – uGef,ufcsdwfquf&mwGif Mum;cHcsdwfqufokH;pGJjcif;jzpfNyD; zrf;,l&&Sdvmaom signal udk  tuGmta0;csJUEdkif&eftwGuf Regenerating jyKvkyfí jyefvnfydkUvGwfygonf/

Hub/Switch - Physical layer Device (Concentrator) jzpfNyD; rsm;jym;pGmaom Network Devices csdwfquf&mwGif A[dktcsuftcsmae&mü csdwfquf&ef okH;pGJonf/ Network Design \ Star Topology wGif okH;pGJavh½Sdonf/ 8 ports, 16 ports, 24 ports ponfjzifh wnfaqmufxm;NyD; port wpfckrS tcsuftvufrsm;udk vufcHNyD; usef ports rsm;rScsdwfqufxm;aom Network Devices rsm;odkU tcsuftvufrsm;tm; xyfqifhay;ydkUonf/ Hub onf Port wpfckrS0ifvmaom signal onf tjcm; Port tm;vkH;odkU ydkYvGwfay;onf/ Switch onf Port wpfckrS0ifvmaom signal onf rdrday;ydkYvdkaom Port odkUomydkYvGwfay;jcif;jzpfí Point to Point aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;jzpfNyD; &SKwfaxG;rIr&SdyJ vsifjrefrI&Sdojzifh Switch udkom oHk;pJGoifh ygonf/

Network Interface Card (NIC) - Expansion card jzpfí Computer wGif PCI ( Peripheral component interconnection) slot ü wyfqifNyD; Computer tm; Network ESifhcsdwfquf&onf/ tcsKdUaom motherboard rsm;wGif built in yg&Sd onfhtjyif wcsKdUaom Notebook rsm;wGif printer port (odkY) PC card slot wGif NIC adapter rsm;tm; csdwfquf tokH;jyK&onf/

Gateway - rwlnDaom Network rsm; csdwfquf&mwGif Gateway tjzpf Hardware ESifh Software rsm;udkokH;pGJ&onf/ Gateway udk Device tjzpf vkH;0uGJjym;jcm;em;aom LAN ESifh Mainframe csdwfquf&mwGifokH;onf/ LAN onf Distributed Processing, Baseband Communication ESifh ASCII Character Set udkokH;NyD; Mainframe onf Centralized Processing, Broadband ESifh Baseband Communications ESifh EBCDIC Character Set udkokH;pGJonf/ LAN Protocol tjzpf Gateway Software udkokH;pGJNyD; Mainframe ESifh tvm;o@mefwlap&ef ajymif;vJjyKvkyfay;onf/ Gateway Device onf tvGef½SKyfaxG;aom Network devices rsm;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaom ajymif;vJjyKvkyfay;jcif;rsm;udk OSI model \ layers rsm;pGmü jyKvkyf& jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ Gateway rsm;wGif BGP(Border Gateway Protocol) udkokH;pGJ&NyD; Router uJhodkUyifjyKvkyfonf/ Router/Gateway wGif interface tenf;qkH; (2)ck yg&Sdrnfjzpfonf/

Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) 0dkifzdkifenf;ynm

Wi-Fi qdkonfrSmtDvufxa&mepfESifhvQyfppfqdkif&menf;ynmrsm; pGmwdkYtwGuf pHEIef;owfrSwfay;aom EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonfh Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) rS BudK;rJhuGef,ufrsm; twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom IEEE 802.11 b pHvdIif;EIef;yifjzpfonf/ IEEE 802.11 b onf owif;tcsuftvuf ydkYvTwf EIef; 11 Mbps jzifh vIdif;EIef; 2.4 GHz (ISM band ) twGif; qufoG,fEdkifonf/ vuf&Sd okH;pGJaeaom DSL Broadband xufvQifjrefrI&Sdonf/ IEEE 802.11 standard wGif b, a, g ESifh i wdkU&Sdygonf/ IEEE 802.11 a onf owif;tcsuftvuf ydkYvTwfEIef; 54Mbps jzifh vIdif;EIef; 5 GHz ( SHF band ) twGif; qufoG,fonf/ ½kyfoHrsm;? AD'D,dkykH&dyfrsm;ay;ydkY&mwGif ydkrdkMunfvifjywfom;NyD; t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom File rsm;udk vQifjrefpGm ay;ydkUEdkifonf/ IEEE 802.11 g onf owif;tcsuftvuf ydkYvTwfEIef; 54Mbps jzifh vIdif;EIef; 2.4 GHz ( ISM band ) twGif;qufoG,fygonf/ IEEE 802.11 b xuf vIdif;EIef;wm us,fjyefUonfhtwGuf ½kyfoHrsm;?AD'D,dkykH&dyfrsm;ay;ydkY&mwGif ydkrdkMunfvif jywfom;NyD; t&G,ftpm;BuD;rm;aom File rsm;? Web site rsm;udk wpfcP twGif;qufoG,f zvS,fEdkifygonf/ IEEE 802.11 i onf IEEE 802.11 g ESifhwlnDNyD; vkHNcHKrIpepf ydkrdkaqmif&Gufxm;ygonf/ tjcm;aumif;rGefap&ef pepfrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaom WEP( Wired Equivalent Privacy ) \ vkHNcHKrItm;enf;csufrsm;udk jyKjyifNyD; Mum;jzwfazmfxkwfjcif;rjyKEdkifaom tqifhjrifh0Sufpm - AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard)wpfenf;tm;jzifh WAP2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access-2) wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

NAVSTAR GPS

         

                Global Positioning System N*dKvfwkuGef,ufonf wdusaocsmaom vrf;ñTefrI owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd wyfzGJUrsm;odkU aqmif&Gufay; vQuf&SdNyD; ,if;uGef,uftm; tar&duefavwyfrS xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkUtjyif ukef;aMumif;? a&aMumif;? avaMumif;qdkif&m vrf;ñTefrIypönf;tjzpf rsm;jym; pGmokH;pGJvQuf&Sdygonf/

                GPS pepfwGif urÇmudk ywfvrf;wpfckwGif N*dKvfwk(4)vkH;yg0ifaom ywfvrf;(6)ck jzifharmif;ESifxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if; GPS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhpcef; (Monitoring Stations)  5 ck (ae&mrsm;rSm Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Colorado Springs )? ajrjyif tifwDem(Ground Antenna) 3 ck (ae&mrsm;rSm Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein) ESifh A[dkxdef;csKyfrIpcef;(Master Control Station) rSm Colorado &Sd Schriever AFB wGif wnf&Sd ygonf/ NAVSTAR GPS pepf pDrHcefUcGJtkyfcsKyfrI tm; California, Los Angeles Air Force Base &Sd Space and Missile Systems Center Xme NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office rSaqmif&Gufygonf/

Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System
Number of Satellites	24 Active, 4 Spare
Geometry	6 Planes, 4 Satellites Each
Orbit	MEO-20,200 km(10,900 nmi) circular, 55 inclination (Block I Satellites orbited at 63 inclination)
Orbit Period	12 Hours
Coverage	Global
Initial Operational Capability (IOC)	1993 December 8
Full Operational Capability (FOC)	1995 April 27
Managed by:	USAF NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office, Space and Missile Systems Center
Operated by:	USAF 50th Space Wing
Web Links:	USAF GPS Web Site

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)

                GLONASS pepfonf Mu,fpifrsm;o@mef vSKyf&Sm;aeaom N*dKvfwkrsm;ay: tajccHNyD; pOfqufrjywfaom Coded Signals rsm;udk Frequency bands ESpfrsKd;jzifh xkwfvTifhvQuf&Sdygonf/ urÇmajrjyifrnfonfhae&mrSrqdk rdrd\ wnfae&m(vwÅDwG'f? avmif*sDwG'f?tjrifh)? rnfonftvsifEIef;jzifhoGm;aeonfudk tcsdefESifhwajy;nDazmfjy ay;rnfjzpfygonf/ tqdkygpepfonf tar&duef\ GPS tm; wefjyefEdkif&ef jzpfNyD; Data Transmission ESifh Positioning Method rsm;rSm twlwlyifjzpfygonf/ GLONASS pepf pDrHcefUcGJrItm; Russian Federation Government  uGyfuJrIatmuf&Sd Russian Space Force rSaqmif&Gufí armif;ESifxdef;ausmifrItm; Coordination Scientific Information Center (KNITs) of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation rSaqmif&Gufygonf/

          GLONASS pepfwGif urÇmudk ywfvrf;wpfckwGif N*dKvfwk(7)vkH;yg0ifaom ywfvrf;(3)ckjzifharmif;ESifxm;NyD; t&eftjzpfN*dKvfwk(3)vkH;vTifhwifxm;ygonf/ ,if; ywfvrf;aMumif;(3)ckudk 120 'D*&D jcm;xm;í ywfvrf;aMumif;wpfcktwGif; N*dvfwk wpfvkH;ESifh wpfvkH; 45 'D*&D jcm;xm;ygonf/ N*dKvfwkrSm urÇmajrjyifrS 19100 uDvdkrDwmuGma0; í ywfvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif 64.8 'D*&D apmif;ñTwfvnfywfvQuf &SdNyD; wpfywfvnfywf&eftcsdefrSm 11 em&D 15 rdepf jzpfygonff/

          Ground Control Center ESifh Time Standards onf armfpudkNrdKUwGifwnf&Sdí Telemetry ESifh Tracking Station rsm;rSm  St. Petersburg, Ternopol, Eniseisk, Komsomolsk-na-Amure NrdKUrsm;wGif wnf&Sdygonf/

Global Navigation Satellite System (Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Spuntnikovaya Sistema)
Number of Satellites	21 Active, 3 Spare
Geometry	3 Planes, 8 Satellites Each
Orbit	MEO-19,100 km(10,313 nmi) circular, 64.8 inclination (Block I Satellites orbited at 63 inclination)
Orbit Period	11 Hours 15 minutes
Coverage	Global
Initial Operational Capability (IOC)	1993 September 24
Managed by:	Russian Space Force
Operated by:	Coordination Scientific Information Center(KNITs)
Web Links:	USAF GPS Web Site

About Computer

            uGefysKwmqdkonfrSm Hardware ESifh Software yg0ifonf/

Mother Board

Main Board [m Computer wpfckvkH;&Jut"duus System Circuit Board jzpfygonf/ Computer &JU tpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;udk Board ay:rSmwyfqif&wJhtwGuf Mother Board vdkUac:ygonf/ CPU ? Main Memory eJUtjcm; Connector awGudk Mother Board ay:rSmbJqufoG,f&jcif;jzpfNyD; Disk Drive awGjzpfwJU Floppy ? Compack Disk ? Hard Disk awGudkvnf; Mother Board ay:rSmbJ qufoG,f&ygonf/ Mother Board awGrSm okH;pGJr,fh CPU &JU tjrefESKef; ( Speed ) ay:rlwnfNyD; a½G;cs,f&onf/ COM Port, Parallal Port rsm;yg&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkUtjyif Sound ? VGA ? NIC ? USB yg0ifonfrsm;udk vkyfief; tay: tajccHNyD;a½G;cs,f&onf/ Graphic Design, Video Editing, Game okH;vdkvsif 3D Accelerator ygonfh AGP(Accelerator Graphic Port) Graphic Card udkokH;Edkifonfh M/B udka½G;cs,f&rnf/

Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

CPU( Microprocessor ) qdkwm Computer wpfvkH;&JU t"dutpdwftydkif;jzpfonff/ uGefysKwm\t&nftcsif;tm; CPU eJU P2 P3? P4 [kowfrswfac:a0:ygonf/ uGefysLwm&JUOD;aESmuf tjzpfwifpm; ac:qdkMuonf/ CPU [m Computer &JU tjrefESKef;(Clock Speed) jzpfNyD; Unit udk HZ eJUowfrSwfygonf/CPU &UJ Type onf Socket 7 ? Socket 370 ? 478 ? 775 qdkNyD; owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ M/B ESifh udkufnDatmif a½G;&onf/ ,cif Intel u 386 KHZ? 486 KHZ qdkNyD;pcJhw,f/

Pentium 1 (P1) u 100 to 200 MHz atmuf ? P2 u 200 to 600 MHz atmuf? P3 u 600

MHz to 1.2 GHz xd ? P4 u 1.2 txufjzpfNyD; 3.2 GHz txda&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfygonf/

Random Access Memory ( RAM )

RAM [m Physical Memory jzpfNyD; Byte eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ EDO(Extended Data Output)? SDRAM

(Synchronized Dynamic)? DDR (Double Data Rate) qdkNyD;xkwfvkyfxm;ygw,f/ EDO awG[m

72 Pins SIMM awGjzpfw,f/ DIMM taeeJYvnf;&Sdwwfygw,f/ SD RAM rsm;onf System

Clock ESifh Synchronize vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 168 Pins DIMM jzpfygw,f/ DDR SD RAM

awG[m SD RAM &JU Circle wdkif;udk Process ESpfckvkyfapwmjzpfygw,f/ 184 Pins jzpfNyD;

½dk;½dk; SD RAM eJY t&G,fwljzpfygNyD; Slot rwlnDyg/ M/B ay:rlwnfNyD; b,fvdktrsKd;tpm;okH;

&r,fqdkwm a½G;cs,fay;&rSmyg/ Card ay:rSm&SdwJU Pins rlwnfNyD; SIMM (Single Inline Memory

Module)? DIMM(Double Inline Memory Module) qdkNyD;vnf; od&rSmjzpfw,f/ Memory udk 4 MB ? 8

MB ? 16 MB ? 32 MB ? 64 MB ? 128 MB ? 256 MB ? 512 MB qdkNyD;awGU&ygw,f/ SD-RAM rSm 256

xdawGU&NyD; DDR rSmawmh 128 MB upNyD;txufudkawGU&ygw,f/ aemufydkif; M/B awGrSm

EDO-RAM awG rokH;awmhygbl;/ Computer wpfvkH;udk Upgrade vkyfr,fqdk&if Memory

udkxyfwdk;wmtvG,fqkH;enf;yg/ Memory xyfxnfhr,f qdk&if SD-RAM awGrSm

t"dutm;jzifh Clock jzpfwJh PC 66 ? 75 ? 83 ? 100 ? PC 133 wlnDatmif a½G;cs,fay;&w,f/ M/B

&JU Clock eJYvnf;udkufnD&w,f/ DDR rSmqdk&if PC 1600 (DDR 200)? PC 2100 (DDR 266)? PC

2700 (DDR333)? PC 3100 (DDR400) &Sdygw,f/ DDR 200 ? 266 ? 333 ? 400 qdkwm Speed (Hz)

jzpfNyD; PC 2700 ? 3100 qdkwm Data Transfer Speed (Byte Per Second) udkazmfjywmjzpfyg

w,f/ DDR SD RAM &JU Bandwidth u 1 MHz udk 8 Bytes &Sdw,f/ 256 MB ausmfvdkY

xyfwdk;wJhtcg wpfcsdKU Crack jzpfwmawGU&w,f/ Clock? Brand wlwmwyfrSaocsmw,f/

Board uvnf; Support vkyf&r,f/ Memory udk b,favmuftxdwdk;vdkU&r,fqdkwm M/B ay:

rSmrlwnfw,f/